This is one of my favorite carols of all. It makes it into the
Christmas pantheon on account of the Bethlehem reference - and the
joyous, celebratory melody and text - but it's more than a simple
Christmas carol, too. It was originally a Dutch traditional carol,
Heer Jesus heeft een Hofken.
1. King Jesus hath a garden, full of divers flowers,
Where I go culling posies gay, all times and hours.
Refrain:
There naught is heard but Paradise bird,
Harp, dulcimer, lute,
With cymbal, trump and tymbal,
And the tender, soothing flute.
2. The Lily, white in blossom there, is Chastity:
The Violet, with sweet perfume, [Humility]. Refrain
3. The bonny Damask-rose is known as Patience:
The blithe and thrifty Marygold, Obedience. Refrain
4. The Crown Imperial bloometh too in yonder place,
'Tis Charity, of stock divine, the flower of grace. Refrain
5. Yet, 'mid the brave, the bravest prize of all may claim
The Star of Bethlem-Jesus-bless'd be his Name! Refrain
6. Ah! Jesu Lord, my heal and weal, my bliss complete,
Make thou my heart thy garden-plot, fair, trim and neat. Refrain
The notes on that same page about the carol say this:
Traditional Dutch from Geestlijcke Harmonie, Emmerich, 1633
Translation by Rev. George R. Woodward (1848-1934)
Source: George Radcliffe Woodward, ed., Songs of Syon (London: Schott & Co., Third Edition, 1908), # 430
Quite nice for such a lovely, colorful hymn to speak about virtues (or "Fruits of the Spirit"), and in such a beautiful way.
Posting
this for pure enjoyment for the time being, but I'm going to see if I
can find out more about the text at some point, too.....
Sancta et immaculata virginitas is the sixth responsory of Christmas Matins, but as CPDL notes, it is "frequently used for Marian feasts as well." It's sung here by Ensemble Officium:
R. Sancta et immaculata virginitas, quibus te laudibus efferam nescio:
* Quia quem coeli capere non poterant, tuo gremio contulisti. V. Benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui. R. Quia quem coeli capere non poterant, tuo gremio contulisti.
V. Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui Sancto. R. Quia quem coeli capere non poterant, tuo gremio contulisti.
R. O Mary, how holy and how spotless is thy virginity! I am too dull to praise thee!
* For thou hast borne in thy breast Him Whom the heavens cannot contain. V. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. R. For thou hast borne in thy breast Him Whom the heavens cannot contain.
V. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Ghost. R. For thou hast borne in thy breast Him Whom the heavens cannot contain.
Here's the chant score, from the Liber Usualis 1961:
This
Responsory contains one of those rare extra-Biblical citations; I'm
trying to find the origin of the notion that "The highest heavens cannot
contain God whom you carried in your womb"; that is an old idea. But I
haven't been able to pin down the coiner of that phrase so far; will
return to edit this when I do. It's a quite beautiful thought, and one
of the reasons I wanted to post on this chant today.
[EDIT: This cite may belong to Augustine, who said in Sermon 184, on the Nativity:
“He who sustains the world lay in a manger, a wordless Child, yet the
Word of God. Him whom the heavens do not contain the bosom of one woman
bore. She ruled our King; she carried Him in whom we exist; she fed our
Bread.” And in fact, it's not totally extra-biblical anyway; Auggie
was clearly riffing on 1 Kings 8:27 (or its clone, 2 Chronicles 6:18): "But will God indeed dwell on the earth? Behold, heaven and the highest heaven cannot contain you...." ]
Several other composers have set this text; here's Gabrieli's:
O Sapientia is the Antiphon upon Magnificat on December 16 (in the English Church; it's December 17 elsewhere), and the first of the eight Great "O" Antiphons sung during the week before Christmas. These antiphons are sung before and after the Magnificat at Evensong.
The antiphon is sung here in English by the Salisbury Cathedral Choir; a reading from Isaiah 9 follows:
O
Wisdom, which camest out of the mouth of the most High, and reachest
from one end to another, mightily and sweetly ordering all things: Come
and teach us the way of prudence.
Here's a version in Latin, sung I believe by the Blackfriars:
December 16 is explicitly designated "O Sapientia" in the Church Calendar of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. The texts for the Great "O"s come mostly from the Prophets and from the Wisdom literature,
and become mystical proclamations, made daily during those eight
days, of the coming of Christ. The antiphons themselves are over a
thousand years old.
Sing the Magnificat, too, if you wish; here's the Latin version:
The text of the Magnificat comes from Luke 1;
here are the words to the original Latin and the modern English (US
BCP 1979) versions of this beautiful canticle, so that you can sing
along if you wish.
Magnificat: anima mea Dominum.
Et exultavit spiritus meus: in Deo salutari meo.
Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae:
ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes.
Quia fecit mihi magna, qui potens est:
et sanctum nomen eius.
Et misericordia eius, a progenie et progenies:
timentibus eum.
Fecit potentiam in brachio suo:
dispersit superbos mente cordis sui.
Deposuit potentes de sede:
et exaltavit humiles.
Esurientes implevit bonis:
et divites dimisit inanes.
Suscepit Israel puerum suum:
recordatus misericordiae suae.
Sicut locutus est ad patres nostros:
Abraham, et semini eius in saecula.
Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,
Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord,
my spirit rejoices in God my Savior; *
for he has looked with favor on his lowly servant.
From this day all generations will call me blessed: *
the Almighty has done great things for me,
and holy is his Name.
He has mercy on those who fear him *
in every generation.
He has shown the strength of his arm, *
he has scattered the proud in their conceit.
He has cast down the mighty from their thrones, *
and has lifted up the lowly.
He has filled the hungry with good things, *
and the rich he has sent away empty.
He has come to the help of his servant Israel, *
for he has remembered his promise of mercy,
The promise he made to our fathers, *
to Abraham and his children for ever.
Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: *
as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen.
This article, written in around 1914 by A.C.A. Hall, the Episcopal Bishop of Vermont, contains quite a bit more about the Great "O"s.
Here are links on Chantblog to posts on all the Great Os. If you'd like to pray the whole
office of Vespers, you can do it at St. Bede's Breviary; choose "Amplified Prayer Book" under "Style" to get the "O's".
Here, in addition, is a good longish article about these antiphons, and some other related ones - and this article contains a bit more historical information about the Great "O"s.
This feast was displaced by Sunday this year, but here are two videos
of beautiful songs in honor of St. Nicholas. Both are sung by the
ensemble Peregrina: Kelly Landerkin, Agnieszka Budzinska-Bennett and
Hanna Järveläinen. I haven't (yet) got the words for either of these
songs, but I am working on it. So let these just be for pure
enjoyment, for now. EDIT: Well, yes, I do, at least for Gaudeat Ecclesia. See below.
This one is described at the
YouTube page as "a three-part Benedicamus trope for St. Nicholas based
on popular Clementiam-melody."
And
this lovely song (Gaudeat ecclesia - "The church rejoices") is described as "a beautiful and simple rondellus from
13th century Paris to praise Saint Nicholas and his miracles." I seem
always to be attracted to French melodies!|
1 Alleluja. Laudate Dominum de caelis; laudate eum in excelsis. 2 Laudate eum, omnes angeli ejus; laudate eum, omnes virtutes ejus.)
So
here's a clear example of a text referring to the Second Coming, as was
(and still is) the theme in late Pentecost (or Trinity) and early
Advent. The footnote at the Roman Breviary (1879) says that the text comes from Zechariah 14:5-6 - and that's this:
5
And you shall flee to the valley of my mountains, for the valley of the
mountains shall reach to Azal. And you shall flee as you fled from the
earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Then the Lord my God
will come, and all the holy ones with him.
6 On that day there shall be no light, cold, or frost.
Intriguing to see that the text of the antiphon reverses the second
verse of the citation! I love it when that happens. Although I should
point out, too, that a footnote at verse six notes that "Compare Septuagint, Syriac, Vulgate, Targum; the meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain." And that verse 7 goes on to say:
And there shall be a unique[b] day, which is known to the Lord, neither day nor night, but at evening time there shall be light.
So perhaps it doesn't actually count as a "reversal." It's an odd text in any case.
It's
interesting to look at the other 4 Psalm antiphons for this day, too.
Here are all 5, which show up various arrangements of order in the
manuscripts below:
1. In illa die * stillabunt montes dulcedinem, et colles fluent lac et mel, alleluia.
2. Iucundare * filia Sion, et exsulta satis filia Ierusalem, alleluia.
3. Ecce Dominus veniet, * et omnes Sancti eius cum eo et erit in die illa lux magna, alleluia.
4. Omnes sitientes * venite ad aquas quaerite Dominum, dum inveniri potest, alleluia.
5. Ecce veniet * Propheta magnus, et ipse renovabit Ierusalem, alleluia.
1. In that day * the mountains shall drop down sweet wine, and the hills shall flow with milk and honey. Alleluia.
2. Sing, O daughter of Zion, * and rejoice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem. Alleluia.
3.
Behold, the LORD shall come, * and all His saints with Him ; and it
shall come to pass in that day that the light shall be great. Alleluia.
4. Ho, every one that thirsteth * come ye to the waters : seek ye the LORD while He may be found. Alleluia.
5. Behold, a great Prophet * shall arise, and He shall build up a new Jerusalem. Alleluia.
These
texts are all taken from the various Prophets of Advent: Zechariah,
Joel, Isaiah. And they all do allude to both the First and Second
Coming; that's one of the great things about Advent, to me: it's not
just one thing - and it's cosmic in a way that no other season really
is.
At Cantus database, I've found some good, clear instances of Ecce Dominus veniet;
it's quite easy to read and follow along with the scores. You'll see
that this melody is indeed the same as what's on the video, and is quite
consistent between the manuscripts, too. The antiphons all start with
a highly decorated, larger capital letter, often in another color.
This
one comes from the same monastery, but is 200 years earlier
("Twelfth-century antiphoner from Klosterneuburg, Austria").
Interesting to note the difference in musical notation styles! This is
the old style chant notation:
And this last one is from Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek/Codex 611(89) – Antiphonarium pro Ecclesia Einsidlensi/f. 3r. ("14th-century antiphoner from the monastery of Einsiedeln, Switzerland.") Ecce Dominus veniet was the 3rd Lauds antiphon at this monastery, too.
One of the interesting things, to me, about this text is that it shows up again, as the 2nd Responsory at Matins on Advent 2 - but includes another interesting bit of content:
R.
Ecce Dominus veniet, et omnes Sancti ejus cum eo, et erit in die illa
lux magna: et exibunt de Jerusalem sicut aqua munda: et regnabit
Dominus in aeternum
* Super omnes gentes. V. Ecce Dominus cum virtute veniet: et regnum in manu ejus, et potestas, et imperium. R. Super omnes gentes.
R.
Behold, the Lord shall come, and all His saints with Him, and it shall
come to pass in that day that the light shall be great; and they shall
go out from Jerusalem like clean water; and the Lord shall be King for
ever,
* Over all the earth. V. Behold, the Lord cometh with an host, and in His hand are the kingdom, and power, and dominion. R. Over all the earth.
Recall
that Advent 2 is notable for its inclusion of references to Jerusalem,
something I talked about last year. Dom Dominic Johner points out,
in his Chants of the Vatican Gradual, that:
[On
Advent 2] the Introit, Gradual, and Communion speak of Sion, i.e., of
Jerusalem. The Alleluia-verse also alludes to this. For at Rome the
principal service was held in the Church of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem,
close to the Lateran. It was a royal palace; now it shelters a most
venerable relic of the holy cross. Our present Sion is the Catholic
Church. It is also our individual soul, and likewise the church
building in which we look for the Redeemer today. Here it is that we
are being prepared for the heavenly Sion.
And
so we have a preview of that emphasis on Sion at Matins by the addition
of the extra text to the previous Sunday's Lauds antiphon, Ecce Dominus veniet:
Behold, the Lord comes and all his saints with him
and on that day there will be great light, alleluia.
And shall go out from Jerusalem, like pure water.
And the Lord shall reign for ever over all the nations.
The reference to "pure water" is another bit of text from Zechariah 14 - this time, from verse 8:
On
that day living waters shall flow out from Jerusalem, half of them to
the eastern sea and half of them to the western sea. It shall continue
in summer as in winter.
Then the angel showed me the river of the water of life, bright as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb....)
I
wish I had a sound file of this Responsory, but alas - I don't. My
plan going forward is to create files in MuseScore and post them,
though; it'll be electronic music and without words, but at least we'll
get the sense of how the chants sounded.
